Anatomy Lecture (General Anatomy)

Anatomy Lecture (What is anatomy,Anatomic position,Surfaces Planes,Movement related to planes,List of basic structures,Skin,Fascia)

INTRODUCTION

• What is anatomy
• Anatomic position
• Surfaces
• Planes
• Movement related to planes
• List of basic structures
• Skin
• Fascia

ANATOMY

• Anatomy is the science of structure and function of the body
• The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts

TERMS RELATED TO POSITION

Anatomic position:

• Person standing erect with upper limbs by sides and face and palms of the hands directed forward.

SURFACES

Anterior and Posterior surface:

Front and back of body

Palmar and dorsal surfaces:

In describing hand these terms are used as anterior and posterior

Planter and dorsal surface:

In describing foot these terms are used as anterior and posterior

Proximal and distal surface:

Describe the relative distance from roots of limbs e.g. Arm is proximal and forearm is distal

Superficial and deep:

Relative distances of structures from surface of body

Superior and inferior:

Denotes levels relatively high and low with reference to upper and lower ends of body

Internal and external:

Describe the relative distance of structure from the center of an organ or cavity e.g. Internal carotid and external carotid artery

Ipsilateral and contralateral:

Refers to same side of body or opposite side of body

Supine and Prone:

Position of body lying on back and lying with face forward respectively

PLANES

• Median /Sagittal plane
• Coronal /Frontal plane
• Horizontal /Transverse plane

MEDIAN PLANE

• Vertical plane passing though center of body
• Dividing it into equal right and left halves
• Structure situated nearer to median plane of body than another is said to be medialto other
• Structure that lies farther away from median plane is said to be lateral
• Planes situated to one and other side and parallel to median plane are paramedian

CORONAL PLANE

• Imaginary vertical planes at right angle to the median plane
• Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Horizontal Plane

• Imaginary plane that are at right angle to the imaginary axis
• Divide the body into upper and lower half

MOVEMENT

• The act of moving is known as movement
• There are some terms related to movement in body

–      Flexion, extension

–      Abduction, adduction

–      Medial and lateral rotation

TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENT

• Flexion: bending movement that decreases angle between two parts of a joint
• Extension: means straightening of joint and usually takes place in posterior direction
• Abduction: movement of limb away from midline of body in coronal plane
• Adduction: movement of limb toward the body in coronal plane

            Rotation: movement of part of body around its long axis

• Medialrotation: movement that results in anterior surface of part facing medially
• Lateralrotation: movement that results in anterior surface of part facing laterally
• Protraction: to move forward
• Retraction: to move backward

LIST OF BASIC STRUCTURES

• Skin
• Fascia
• Muscle
• Joints
• Ligaments
• Bursae
• Blood vessels
• Lymphatic system
• Nervous system
• Mucous membrane
• Serous membrane
• Bones
• Cartilage

SKIN

• Skin is most important organ of body
• It provides protection to internal body parts against harmful substances
• It is divided into 2 parts:

–      Epidermis

–      dermis

EPIDERMIS

• It is stratified epithelium whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface
• In some areas it is thick and in others it is thin
• In palms and soles of feet it is thick
• In anterior surface of arm and forearm it is thin

DERMIS

• Deep to epidermis is dermis
• It contains many blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
• It also shows considerable difference in variations in different parts of body

FASCIAE

• It lies between the skin and underlying muscle and bone
• It consist of 2 layers

–      Superficial fascia

–      Deep fascia

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

• It is the mixture of loose areolar tissue and adipose tissue
• It unites the dermis of skin to underlying deep fascia

DEEP FASCIA

• It is membranous layer of connective tissue that invests muscle and other deep structures
• In joints deep fasciae may be thickened to form bands called retinacula
• Their function is to hold underlying tendons in place

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION

• Prime mover
• Antagonist
• Fixator
• Synergist

MUSCLE TONE

• Muscle tone is major factor controlling stability
• In shoulder joint muscle tone of short muscles around it keeps head of humerus in shallow glenoid cavity
• Without action of these muscles very little force would be required to dislocate the joint

BURSAE

• A bursae is a lubricating device
• It is a closed fibrous sac lined with smooth membrane
• Its walls are separated by viscous fluid
• Bursae are found wherever tendons rub against bones, ligaments or other tendons

COLLAGEN

• The main structural protein of the various connective tissues in animals
• Collagen occurs in many places throughout the body

TYPES OF COLLAGEN

The five most common types are:

• Collagen I: skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone)
• Collagen II:cartilage (main component of cartilage)
• Collagen III: reticulate (main component of reticular fibers), commonly found alongside type I.
• Collagen IV: forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane.
• Collagen V: cell surfaces, hair and placenta

                                             Over 90% of the collagen in the body, is type I.